Ingredient dossier Nº 018 / The verified record
Ferment Filtrates (Galactomyces, Bifida, Saccharomyces)
GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
Effective concentration, the pH it needs, how the derivatives compare, stability in the bottle, and the open questions — every scientific claim on this page links to its source.
- skin-conditioning agent
- humectant
- antioxidant
Editorial verdict / Social intelligence
A genuinely well-tolerated skin-conditioning class with plausible science behind galactomyces — but compositionally undefined, sponsor-concentrated research, and a price-to-evidence gap that grows wider from GFF to bifida to saccharomyces. 1
- Beauty benefit
- Ferment filtrates — galactomyces (SK-II Pitera), bifida ferment lysate (Estée Lauder ANR), and saccharomyces ferment — are skin-conditioning agents that deliver real but modest benefits: improved hydration, gentler texture, and some barrier reinforcement. They are exceptionally well-tolerated across skin types and work as quietly effective supporting ingredients. They are not transformative standalone actives, and the price commanded by flagship products like SK-II FTE is not justified by the independent evidence base.
- Does it work
- Directionally yes for galactomyces — the AhR-activation and filaggrin-upregulation mechanism is scientifically credible (PMID:25786502; PMID:36012891), and the 12-month longitudinal study (PMID:36769815) showed measurable improvements in wrinkles, spots, and roughness. The honest caveats are substantial: the majority of mechanistic and clinical research on galactomyces was conducted by or funded by P&G/SK-II; no independent randomised controlled trial with a vehicle-only arm exists; and the ingredient composition is undefined, making dose-response analysis impossible. Bifida ferment lysate has one credible in vitro study (PMID:37218728) and one L'Oreal-affiliated sensitive-skin clinical study (PMID:19624730) — thin for the premium ANR price. Saccharomyces ferment has essentially no independent peer-reviewed clinical efficacy data for skin anti-aging in humans. See the science below →
Consensus strength
MixedINCIDecoder community consensus on galactomyces: 'both anecdotal and scientific evidence show that Pitera is a skin goodie worth trying.' INCIDecoder on bifida ferment lysate: 'definitely a promising ingredient, even for sensitive skin types but not the most proven one (yet).' The scientific literature is directionally positive for galactomyces but almost entirely P&G/SK-II-affiliated. Bifida evidence is thin and mostly in vitro or L'Oreal-affiliated. Saccharomyces ferment has no peer-reviewed efficacy evidence for skin aging. Community sentiment skews positive for tolerability and texture, skeptical about flagship product pricing, and cautious about manufacturer-dominated research.
01 / What it does
What it does
Ferment filtrates are compositionally undefined mixtures produced by culturing yeast or bacteria — most commonly Galactomyces genus fungi, Bifidobacterium species, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae — and filtering the resulting liquid. The active constituents are not characterised at the molecular level: the filtrate contains amino acids, vitamins, organic acids, minerals, and trace polysaccharides in proportions that vary by strain, fermentation conditions, and manufacturer process. Most evidence comes from in vitro cell culture experiments or unblinded, manufacturer-funded clinical studies. The historically cited mechanism for galactomyces filtrate (SK-II's branded 'Pitera') is activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in keratinocytes, which upregulates downstream differentiation and barrier genes including filaggrin and claudins. For bifida ferment lysate, in vitro data supports upregulation of tight junction proteins and antimicrobial peptide expression. Independent replication of these mechanisms by non-manufacturer researchers is sparse. The honest summary: these are skin-conditioning agents with a plausible mechanism, a history of high tolerability, and a body of manufacturer-sponsored evidence that is directionally consistent but limited in rigour.
- Study Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF) activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in keratinocytes, inducing nuclear translocation and upregulating downstream genes CYP1A1, filaggrin (FLG), and loricrin (LOR), which are key epidermal barrier proteins. 1
- Study Transcriptomic analysis of human keratinocytes treated with GFF identified consistent modulation of 99 genes across three independent lots, including upregulation of CYP1A1 and epidermal differentiation genes (SPRR1A, SPRR1B) and wound-healing-related genes (SERPINB2), suggesting AhR activation as a primary mechanism. 2
- Study Bifida Ferment Lysate (BFL) upregulates skin barrier genes (FLG, LOR, IVL, TGM1, AQP3), promotes synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, and augments free radical scavenging capacity in vitro. All findings are from cell culture models; no independent in vivo replication was published alongside this work. 7
- Study The historical origin of galactomyces filtrate use in cosmetics is attributed to the empirical observation that sake brewery workers' hands retained a youthful, smooth appearance; this observation prompted P&G/SK-II to isolate and develop the Galactomyces yeast strain now marketed as Pitera. This origin story is widely cited in the literature but originates from manufacturer narrative, not an independent documented study. 1
02 / Effective concentration
What percentage actually works
Effective range
Not meaningfully defined — often 90%+ in essence products
A percentage concentration figure is not clinically meaningful for ferment filtrates. The filtrate is an undefined complex mixture; its 'concentration' reflects dilution of the whole fermentation liquid, not a dose of any characterised active molecule. SK-II Facial Treatment Essence is reported to contain over 90% Pitera (Galactomyces ferment filtrate). Lower percentages in moisturisers and serums have not been compared head-to-head for efficacy.
Unlike single-molecule actives (e.g., ascorbic acid, retinol), there is no identified active compound in ferment filtrates with a known dose-response curve. The filtrate contains amino acids, minerals, organic acids, vitamins, and uncharacterised oligopeptides, but which of these (if any) drives clinical benefit is not established. Studies use the whole filtrate at product-level concentrations without isolating or titrating individual constituents. CIR data indicates GFF is used at up to 90.7% concentration in leave-on moisturisers. Dose-ranging data for efficacy does not exist in the peer-reviewed independent literature.
One honest caveat Compositional opacity is the core problem: no ferment filtrate (galactomyces, bifida, or saccharomyces) has a characterised active molecule. All mechanistic claims are attributed to 'the filtrate' as a black box. This makes dose-response analysis, stability science, and independent replication structurally difficult.
03 / pH requirement
The pH it needs
Target pH
No established requirement
Ferment filtrates do not have a well-characterised pH requirement for skin penetration. They are not ionisable small molecules like L-ascorbic acid; they are complex aqueous mixtures. They are typically formulated at mildly acidic to near-neutral pH (approximately 4.5–6.5), consistent with general cosmetic practice, but this is a formulation convention, not a mechanistically established delivery requirement. No published data establishes a pH threshold for efficacy of any ferment filtrate.
04 / Derivative ladder
How the derivatives compare
Every derivative trades a measure of proven activity for stability or gentleness. Skin conversion is the question that matters — a more stable molecule only helps if your skin can turn it back into the active form.
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Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (SK-II Pitera)
GALACTOMYCES FERMENT FILTRATE
The most researched ferment filtrate in the peer-reviewed literature. Produced by fermenting a proprietary Galactomyces yeast strain under controlled conditions, then filtering the culture liquid. Pitera is SK-II's registered brand name for this filtrate; the INCI name is used by many brands. The majority of published mechanistic studies (Furue lab, Kyushu University, including Takei 2015, Nakajima 2022, Yan 2022, Miyamoto 2021 and 2023) have direct author or funding links to P&G and SK-II, a material conflict of interest. This does not invalidate the work, but independent replication by non-P&G-linked groups is limited.
Stability edge Not meaningfully characterised; see main stability section.
- Study Daily application of GFF-containing skincare products (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, Cellumination Essence, Skin Signature Cream) over 12 months significantly reversed 11-year deterioration in facial wrinkles, pigmented spots, and roughness in 86 Japanese women; hydration increased and TEWL decreased. 5
- Study GFF activates NRF2, the master antioxidative transcription factor, and downregulates CDKN2A (a senescence marker overexpressed in ageing keratinocytes), suggesting anti-ageing and anti-oxidative mechanisms in vitro. 3
- Study GFF upregulates claudin-1 and claudin-4 (tight junction proteins) and occludin in keratinocytes, with strengthened cell-to-cell adhesion observed in vitro. 6
- Study Two 4-week clinical studies (n=48 young Japanese women) found GFF-containing antioxidative skincare attenuated daily fluctuation in facial pore area, roughness, and redness, and stabilised mask-induced exacerbation of these parameters. 4
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Bifida Ferment Lysate
BIFIDA FERMENT LYSATE
A lysate (not a filtrate — produced by culturing Bifidobacterium species and then inactivating and decomposing the bacteria) containing cell wall components, cytoplasmic fragments, metabolites, and polysaccharides. The key distinction from filtrates: lysates contain intracellular contents released by cell disruption, not just secreted compounds. Estée Lauder ANR's use of bifida ferment lysate is prominently marketed, but Estée Lauder has not published peer-reviewed human clinical trial data specifically on this ingredient in isolation. The Wang et al. 2023 in vitro study (PMID:37218728) is the most accessible independent peer-reviewed evidence for bifida ferment lysate; it is limited to cell culture. The Guéniche 2010 paper (PMID:19624730) studied Bifidobacterium longum lysate specifically for reactive/sensitive skin and was L'Oréal-affiliated, not Estée Lauder.
Stability edge Not characterised in independent peer-reviewed literature.
- Study Bifidobacterium longum lysate (BL) applied to ex vivo human skin explants significantly reduced vasodilation, oedema, mast cell degranulation, and TNF-alpha release vs placebo. In nerve cell cultures, BL inhibited capsaicin-induced CGRP release. A clinical component showed improved sensitive skin parameters. Study was L'Oréal-affiliated. 8
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Saccharomyces Ferment
SACCHAROMYCES FERMENT
Produced by fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's/brewer's yeast). The filtrate or ferment extract contains beta-glucans, amino acids, B vitamins, and minerals. Independent peer-reviewed clinical evidence specific to Saccharomyces ferment filtrate for anti-ageing or skin barrier endpoints in humans is very sparse. Most research conflates it with galactomyces (a different fungal genus) or studies S. cerevisiae in other biological contexts. The CIR 2024 safety assessment of yeast-derived ingredients includes Saccharomyces ferment and concludes safe as used; that document covers safety, not efficacy. Claims in brand marketing are largely manufacturer-asserted without peer-reviewed support.
Stability edge Not characterised in independent peer-reviewed literature.
05 / Stability & storage
Stability in the bottle
Ferment filtrates are aqueous biological preparations and are susceptible to microbial contamination and enzymatic degradation. Manufacturers use preservative systems and controlled pH to stabilise them. The mixture is not optically transparent or consistent across lots — published transcriptomic research specifically notes that three independent lots of GFF were tested to confirm consistency of gene modulation, implying lot-to-lot variability is a recognised concern. No peer-reviewed independent stability or degradation studies on ferment filtrate active components exist; stability is managed at the product level by the manufacturer. Consumer products contain standard preservative systems.
- Study Three independent lots of GFF were used in transcriptomic testing to confirm consistency of the 99-gene signature, indicating that lot-to-lot variability is an acknowledged technical concern in GFF research. 2
In practice Buy it in an opaque, airless, or amber container, store it cool and out of the light, and treat a colour shift toward orange or brown as the signal to replace it — the molecule is telling you it has already oxidised.
06 / How to use it
How to actually use Ferment Filtrates (Galactomyces, Bifida, Saccharomyces)
- When
- AM/PM — Essence step, right after cleansing.
- Pairs well with
- niacinamide, hyaluronic acid.
- Apply apart from
- Nothing major — it layers comfortably with most actives.
- What to look for
- A high-percentage essence (galactomyces, saccharomyces, rice ferment).
- Heads-up
- Loved for "glow" and hydration; a minority break out from ferments — patch-test.
Practical guidance for routine placement — not a substitute for a dermatologist’s advice for your skin.
07 / The database
Every Ferment Filtrates product, cheapest active-gram first
Ranked by $ per gram of active — what the working ingredient actually costs you, not the sticker price. Rows we have reviewed in full link through; the rest are data points from the same crawl.
Buy MIZON on Amazon $23.30 Top-ranked pick · affiliate link
| # | Product | % | Price | $ / g of active |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MIZON MIZON Skin Power Original First Essence Reviewed in full | 94.5% | $23.30 | $0.16 |
Showing the 1 lowest-cost of 1 measured .
Contains it, but doesn't disclose a percentage: Missha MISSHA Time Revolution The First Essence RX
08 / Safety
Is it safe?
No standalone CIR assessment exists
The CIR Expert Panel finalised a Safety Assessment of Yeast-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics in 2024, covering Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate, Saccharomyces Ferment, and related yeast-derived INCI names. The assessment concluded these ingredients are safe as used in cosmetics. Key toxicology data: Ames assays on GFF and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall yielded negative results (not mutagenic). GFF is used at up to 90.7% in leave-on moisturisers per FDA VCRP/PCPC data included in the assessment. No PMID is available for the 2024 CIR final report at time of this review; the document is available at cir-safety.org. The Guéniche 2010 study on Bifidobacterium longum lysate found it well tolerated in sensitive skin with no adverse events reported.
Ferment filtrates are generally well tolerated. No photosensitisation, contact allergy signals, or reproductive toxicity data concerns were flagged in the CIR assessment. Sensitive-skin and reactive-skin subjects tolerated topical application in the Guéniche 2010 clinical study. Yeast ferments are not known skin sensitisers. The undefined compositional nature of these mixtures means no single safety profile applies to all products labelled with these INCIs.
- CIR The CIR Expert Panel concluded that yeast-derived cosmetic ingredients including Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate and Saccharomyces Ferment are safe as used in cosmetics; Ames assay data for GFF and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall were negative. 9
- Study Bifidobacterium longum lysate was well tolerated in sensitive/reactive skin subjects with no adverse events in the Guéniche et al. 2010 clinical and ex vivo study. 8
09 / The limits of the evidence
What we don't know yet
Most of what you read about this ingredient is stated with more certainty than the evidence earns. Here is exactly where the record thins out — so you can weigh the claims above for yourself.
- Compositional opacity is the core problem: no ferment filtrate (galactomyces, bifida, or saccharomyces) has a characterised active molecule. All mechanistic claims are attributed to 'the filtrate' as a black box. This makes dose-response analysis, stability science, and independent replication structurally difficult.
- Sponsorship concentration: the majority of peer-reviewed mechanistic and clinical studies on galactomyces ferment filtrate involve authors or institutions affiliated with P&G/SK-II, including the Furue lab at Kyushu University. The Miyamoto 2023 longitudinal study (PMID:36769815) used SK-II products and lists P&G-affiliated authors. This does not mean the findings are wrong, but independent replication by unaffiliated groups has not been published.
- No randomised controlled clinical trial with a vehicle-only control arm has been published for any ferment filtrate by an independent (non-manufacturer) research group.
- Lot-to-lot variability: fermentation products are inherently variable. The Nakajima 2022 transcriptomics study (PMID:36012891) used three independent lots specifically to demonstrate consistency, acknowledging variability as a real concern. Consumer products may show batch-to-batch inconsistency in undefined active components.
- Bifida ferment lysate: almost no independent peer-reviewed clinical evidence exists for this ingredient in anti-ageing or general skin conditioning beyond the Wang 2023 in vitro paper (PMID:37218728). The Guéniche 2010 study (PMID:19624730) covers Bifidobacterium longum lysate in reactive/sensitive skin and is L'Oréal-affiliated, not Estée Lauder-affiliated. The widespread marketing of bifida ferment lysate in ANR and similar products substantially outpaces the published evidence base.
- Saccharomyces ferment: essentially no independent peer-reviewed clinical efficacy data in humans for skin anti-ageing or barrier endpoints has been published. Claims rest on general yeast biology and manufacturer assertion.
- Mechanism vs. clinical outcome gap: AhR activation and in vitro filaggrin upregulation are well documented for GFF, but the translation from cell culture to measurable clinical improvement in a controlled setting has not been independently validated.
- The JAAD 2014 Woolridge et al. paper on GFF and melanin reduction in melanocytes (often cited online) is a conference supplement abstract (J Am Acad Dermatol 70(5):AB127, 2014) — it is not a peer-reviewed full paper and carries no independent PMID in PubMed. It should not be cited as peer-reviewed evidence.
- Publication bias is probable: manufacturer-sponsored studies with null or negative results would be unlikely to be published. The published record is directionally positive, but represents a selected subset of research conducted.
10 / What people say
What formulators and users say
What works
- Common Galactomyces ferment filtrate activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and upregulates filaggrin — a peer-reviewed, mechanistically plausible pathway for barrier reinforcement and anti-aging 12
Galactomyces fermentation filtrate activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to upregulate filaggrin and other skin barrier proteins, effectively counteracting the suppressive effects of immune cytokines Study
- Some 12-month daily use of galactomyces-containing SK-II products significantly reversed 11 years of facial aging in wrinkles, pigmented spots, and roughness — the longest published longitudinal study for this ingredient class 4
significantly and cumulatively reversed the 11-year facial skin aging in the three parameters of wrinkles, spots, and roughness, with improvements linked to increased skin hydration and reduced water loss Study
- Common Exceptional tolerability — ferment filtrates are broadly well tolerated across sensitive, reactive, dry, and oily skin types with no photosensitivity, purging, or meaningful irritation risk 79
a significant decrease in skin sensitivity and improved skin barrier function in volunteers with reactive skin Study
- Some Bifida ferment lysate upregulates barrier genes, antimicrobial peptides, and antioxidant defenses in vitro — coherent mechanistic rationale for sensitive and reactive skin benefits 6
strengthened skin's physical barrier by upregulating protective genes and antimicrobial peptides; demonstrated strong antioxidant properties and reduced inflammatory markers Study
- Some Galactomyces also activates NRF2 antioxidant pathway and downregulates CDKN2A senescence marker — a second anti-aging mechanism confirmed in a separate 2022 study beyond the AhR/filaggrin pathway 3
activates an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and upregulates the expression of filaggrin while simultaneously enhancing antioxidant defenses through NRF2 activation, protecting against oxidative stress and inflammatory markers associated with skin aging Study
- Common Community and INCIDecoder consensus regards galactomyces as a genuine skin goodie with real-world texture and hydration benefits, particularly in essence formulas 8
both anecdotal and scientific evidence show that Pitera is a skin goodie worth trying, particularly for those interested in essences and yeast-derived fermentations database
What to know
- Common Almost all galactomyces clinical and mechanistic research is conducted by or funded by P&G/SK-II — primarily the Furue lab at Kyushu University — and no independent randomised controlled trial with a vehicle-only control arm has been published 42
daily application of galactomyces ferment filtrate-containing SK-II skin products over 12 months significantly reversed facial skin aging parameters Study
- Common Compositional opacity: no ferment filtrate has a characterised active molecule — it is an undefined complex mixture with no dose-response curve, making percentage on the label a meaningless efficacy indicator 811
Rich in vitamins, amino acids, minerals and organic acids — a nutrient-dense yeast byproduct used as a moisturizing agent with antioxidant properties database
- Common Bifida ferment lysate is aggressively marketed by Estée Lauder (ANR) and Korean brands, but the independent evidence base is very thin — primarily one in vitro study and one L'Oreal-affiliated sensitive-skin clinical study, neither of which isolates ANR's specific formulation 96
definitely a promising ingredient, even for sensitive skin types but not the most proven one (yet) database
- Common Saccharomyces ferment has no peer-reviewed clinical efficacy data for skin anti-aging or barrier improvement in humans — claims are manufacturer-asserted or extrapolated from general yeast biology 10
comes from the fermentation of saccharomyces, that is a type of yeast; contains a number of enzymes which bio-converts several malodorous substances — common in natural deodorants database
- Rare Lot-to-lot variability is an acknowledged technical concern — the Nakajima 2022 transcriptomics study specifically used three independent lots to confirm gene-signature consistency, implying manufacturers know this is a real risk with fermentation products 2
three independent lots of GFF were used in transcriptomic testing to confirm consistency of the 99-gene signature, acknowledging lot-to-lot variability as a recognised technical concern in GFF research Study
What you'd only know from the reviews
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The sake brewery worker origin story — aged brewers' hands stayed youthful while their faces did not, prompting P&G/SK-II to isolate Galactomyces — is manufacturer narrative, not an independently documented observation. It circulates in beauty media as established fact but originates from SK-II marketing. The mechanistic research came later and is also largely P&G-affiliated. 81
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Bifida ferment lysate and galactomyces ferment filtrate are biologically distinct and not interchangeable: galactomyces is a yeast-derived filtrate (secreted compounds only, cells removed); bifida is a bacterial lysate (Bifidobacterium cells are cultured, then disrupted and inactivated, releasing intracellular contents including cell wall fragments and cytoplasmic proteins). Marketing often conflates them as generic 'fermented ingredients' — the science does not support that. 67
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The AhR-filaggrin mechanism for galactomyces (PMID:25786502) is directly relevant to atopic dermatitis, where Th2 cytokine-driven filaggrin suppression is a core pathological feature. GFF was specifically shown to prevent Th2-mediated filaggrin reduction in keratinocytes — but no published RCT in eczema patients exists. The mechanism warrants investigation; it does not yet support a clinical recommendation. 1
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A 2024 study (PMID:39013659, Nakamizo, Yan, Kabashima) confirmed galactomyces also strengthens tight junction proteins (claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin) and augments epidermal cell-cell interactions — a barrier reinforcement mechanism independent of the AhR/filaggrin pathway, and notably involving a Kabashima group author outside the usual P&G/Furue authorship cluster. 5
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11 / Questions
Frequently asked
- What is Pitera and is it actually special?
- Pitera is SK-II's brand name for its proprietary Galactomyces ferment filtrate, produced by fermenting a specific yeast strain isolated from sake breweries. The filtrate is over 90% of SK-II's Facial Treatment Essence. Whether Pitera is meaningfully different from other brands' galactomyces ferment filtrate is unknown — the specific yeast strain, fermentation conditions, and filtration process are proprietary and undisclosed. The published peer-reviewed research on GFF is largely conducted by or funded by P&G/SK-II (including the Furue lab at Kyushu University). Mechanistically, the AhR-activation and filaggrin upregulation data (PMID:25786502; PMID:36012891) provide a plausible biological rationale. The 11-year longitudinal study (PMID:36769815) shows directionally positive results but lacks a randomised control arm and was conducted on SK-II's own products, not GFF in isolation. 125
- Is bifida ferment lysate in Advanced Night Repair actually backed by science?
- The ingredient has plausible in vitro evidence for barrier reinforcement (PMID:37218728) and Bifidobacterium longum lysate has one published clinical study in sensitive skin showing anti-inflammatory effects (PMID:19624730). However, the PMID:19624730 paper studied a L'Oréal-affiliated ingredient, not specifically Estée Lauder's version. Estée Lauder has not published peer-reviewed human clinical trial data for their bifida ferment lysate formulation in isolation. Advanced Night Repair contains multiple actives, making ingredient-level attribution impossible from product-level data. The honest answer: bifida ferment lysate has mechanistically plausible support, but the evidence base is thin and largely in vitro or manufacturer-affiliated. 78
- Why do so many K-beauty brands use galactomyces ferment filtrate — is it actually effective?
- The K-beauty adoption of galactomyces filtrate reflects commercial popularity more than independent clinical consensus. The AhR-activation mechanism (PMID:25786502) is scientifically credible and has been replicated by the same research group across multiple papers (PMID:36012891, PMID:36362566). The clinical studies (PMID:34198790; PMID:36769815) show improvements in real skin endpoints. However, most of this research has P&G/SK-II funding links; truly independent randomised controlled trials against vehicle control by non-manufacturer groups are absent. What is well-established: ferment filtrates are well tolerated, non-irritating, and compatible with most skin types. What is not well-established: the magnitude of clinical benefit attributable to GFF alone, versus the complete formulation. 12345
- What percentage of ferment filtrate should I look for in a product?
- There is no clinically validated effective percentage for any ferment filtrate. Unlike single-molecule actives such as retinol or niacinamide, ferment filtrates are undefined mixtures with no identified active compound and no published dose-response data. SK-II uses over 90% GFF in its essence; other products use much lower amounts. No comparison study establishes whether 5% vs 50% GFF delivers different outcomes. Percentage on the label is not a useful efficacy indicator for this ingredient class.
- Can galactomyces ferment filtrate help with skin barrier and eczema?
- The AhR/filaggrin upregulation mechanism (PMID:25786502) is directly relevant to atopic dermatitis, where Th2-driven filaggrin reduction is a core pathophysiological feature. The Takei 2015 paper specifically demonstrated that GFF prevented Th2-cytokine-mediated reduction in filaggrin expression in keratinocytes. This is mechanistically interesting. However, no published randomised controlled trial of GFF in eczema patients has been identified. The evidence supports a rationale for investigation, not a clinical recommendation. 1
12 / References
Sources
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